Mixed Systems

Building blocks

All the mixed operators are expressed based on products of mixed indices which contain spin terms, bosonic terms and fermionic terms. The spin terms respect Pauli operator cyclicity, the bosonic terms respect bosonic commutation relations, and the fermionic terms respect fermionic anti-commutation relations.

These products respect the following relations: \[ -i \sigma^x \sigma^y \sigma^z = I \] \[ \lbrack c_{b, k}^{\dagger}, c_{b, j}^{\dagger} \rbrack = 0, \\ \lbrack c_{b, k}, c_{b, j} \rbrack = 0, \\ \lbrack c_{b, k}, c_{b, j}^{\dagger} \rbrack = \delta_{k, j}. \] \[ \lbrace c_{f, k}^{\dagger}, c_{f, j}^{\dagger} \rbrace = 0, \\ \lbrace c_{f, k}, c_{f, j} \rbrace = 0, \\ \lbrace c_{f, k}, c_{f, j}^{\dagger} \rbrace = \delta_{k, j}. \]

with \(c_b^{\dagger}\) the bosonic creation operator, \(c_b\) the bosonic annihilation operator, \(\lbrack ., . \rbrack\) the bosonic commutation relations, \(c_f^{\dagger}\) the fermionic creation operator, \(c_f\) the fermionic annihilation operator, and \(\lbrace ., . \rbrace\) the fermionic anti-commutation relations.

MixedProducts

MixedProducts are combinations of PauliProducts, BosonProducts and FermionProducts.

HermitianMixedProducts

HermitianMixedProducts are the hermitian equivalent of MixedProducts. This means that even though they are constructed the same (see the Examples section), they internally store both that term and its hermitian conjugate.

MixedDecoherenceProducts

MixedDecoherenceProducts are combinations of DecoherenceProducts, BosonProducts and FermionProducts.

Examples

In both Python and Rust, the operator product is constructed by passing an array/a list of spin terms, an array/a list of bosonic terms and an array/a list of fermionic terms.

from struqture_py import mixed_systems, bosons, spins, fermions

# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
pp = spins.PauliProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([1, 2], [1])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2
# * c_b_0 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
hmp = mixed_systems.MixedProduct([pp], [bp], [fp])

# Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 *
# c_b_0 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1  +  h.c.
hmp = mixed_systems.HermitianMixedProduct([pp], [bp], [fp])


# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
dp = spins.DecoherenceProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([1, 2], [0, 1])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# This will work
mdp = mixed_systems.MixedDecoherenceProduct([dp], [bp], [fp])

In Rust the equivalent string representation cannot be used in function and method arguments.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use struqture::prelude::*;
use struqture::spins::{DecoherenceProduct, PauliProduct};
use struqture::bosons::BosonProduct;
use struqture::fermions::FermionProduct;
use struqture::mixed_systems::{
    MixedProduct, HermitianMixedProduct, MixedDecoherenceProduct
};

// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let pp = PauliProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
let bp = BosonProduct::new([1, 2], [0, 1]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2
// * c_b_0 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let mp = MixedProduct::new([pp.clone()], [bp.clone()], [fp.clone()]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0
// * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1  +  h.c.
let hmp = HermitianMixedProduct::new([pp], [bp], [fp]).unwrap();


// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let dp = DecoherenceProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
let bp = BosonProduct::new([1, 2], [0, 1]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0
// * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let mdp = MixedDecoherenceProduct::new([dp], [bp], [fp]).unwrap();

}

Operators and Hamiltonians

Complex objects are constructed from operator products are MixedOperators and MixedHamiltonians (for more information, see also).

These MixedOperators and MixedHamiltonians represent operators or Hamiltonians such as: \[ \hat{H} = \sum_j \alpha_j \prod_k \sigma_{j, k} \prod_{l, m} c_{b, l, j}^{\dagger} c_{b, m, j} \prod_{r, s} c_{f, r, j}^{\dagger} c_{f, s, j} \] with commutation relations and cyclicity respected.

From a programming perspective the operators and Hamiltonians are HashMaps or Dictionaries with MixedProducts or HermitianMixedProducts (respectively) as keys and the coefficients \(\alpha_j\) as values.

In struqture we distinguish between mixed operators and Hamiltonians to avoid introducing unphysical behaviour by accident. While both are sums over normal ordered mixed products (stored as HashMaps of products with a complex prefactor), Hamiltonians are guaranteed to be hermitian to avoid introducing unphysical behaviour by accident. In a mixed Hamiltonian , this means that the sums of products are sums of hermitian mixed products (we have not only the \(c^{\dagger}c\) terms but also their hermitian conjugate) and the on-diagonal terms are required to have real prefactors. We also require the smallest index of the creators to be smaller than the smallest index of the annihilators.

For MixedOperators and MixedHamiltonians, we need to specify the number of spin subsystems, bosonic subsystems and fermionic subsystems exist in the operator/Hamiltonian . See the example for more information.

Examples

Here is an example of how to build a MixedOperator and a MixedHamiltonian, in Rust:

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use qoqo_calculator::CalculatorComplex;
use struqture::prelude::*;
use struqture::bosons::BosonProduct;
use struqture::fermions::FermionProduct;
use struqture::spins::PauliProduct;
use struqture::mixed_systems::{
    MixedOperator, MixedProduct, HermitianMixedProduct, MixedHamiltonian
};

// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let pp_0 = PauliProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the spin term sigma^y_0
let pp_1 = PauliProduct::new().y(0);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
let bp = BosonProduct::new([1, 2], [1]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2
// * c_b_0 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let mp_0 = MixedProduct::new([pp_0.clone()], [bp.clone()], [fp.clone()]).unwrap();
// Building the term sigma^y_0
let mp_1 = MixedProduct::new(
    [pp_1.clone()],
    [BosonProduct::new([], []).unwrap()],
    [FermionProduct::new([], []).unwrap()]
).unwrap();

// Building the operator
let mut operator = MixedOperator::new(1, 1, 1);
operator.add_operator_product(mp_0.clone(), CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 1.5)).unwrap();
operator.add_operator_product(mp_1.clone(), CalculatorComplex::from(2.0)).unwrap();
println!("{}", operator);

// Or when overwriting the previous value
let mut operator = MixedOperator::new(1, 1, 1);
operator.set(mp_0, CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 1.5)).unwrap();
operator.set(mp_1, CalculatorComplex::from(2.0)).unwrap();
println!("{}", operator);


// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2
// * c_b_0 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let hmp_0 = HermitianMixedProduct::new([pp_0], [bp], [fp]).unwrap();
// Building the term sigma^y_0
let hmp_1 = HermitianMixedProduct::new(
    [pp_1],
    [BosonProduct::new([], []).unwrap()],
    [FermionProduct::new([], []).unwrap()]
).unwrap();

// Building the operator
let mut hamiltonian = MixedHamiltonian::new(1, 1, 1);
hamiltonian.add_operator_product(hmp_0, CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 1.5)).unwrap();
hamiltonian.add_operator_product(hmp_1, CalculatorComplex::from(2.0)).unwrap();
println!("{}", hamiltonian);
}

The equivalent code in python:

from qoqo_calculator_pyo3 import CalculatorComplex
from struqture_py import bosons, fermions, spins, mixed_systems

operator = mixed_systems.MixedHamiltonian(2, 1, 1)

# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
pp_0 = spins.PauliProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the spin term sigma^y_0
pp_1 = spins.PauliProduct().y(0)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_0 * c_b_1
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([1, 2], [1])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# This will work
hmp = mixed_systems.HermitianMixedProduct([pp_0, pp_1], [bp], [fp])
operator.add_operator_product(hmp, CalculatorComplex.from_pair(1.0, 1.5))
print(operator)

# This will not work, as the number of subsystems of the
# operator and product do not match.
hmp_error = mixed_systems.HermitianMixedProduct([pp_0, pp_1], [], [fp])
value = CalculatorComplex.from_pair(1.0, 1.5)
# operator.add_operator_product(hmp_error, value)  # Uncomment me!

Noise operators

We describe decoherence by representing it with the Lindblad equation. The Lindblad equation is a master equation determining the time evolution of the density matrix. It is given by \[ \dot{\rho} = \mathcal{L}(\rho) =-i [\hat{H}, \rho] + \sum_{j,k} \Gamma_{j,k} \left( L_{j}\rho L_{k}^{\dagger} - \frac{1}{2} \{ L_k^{\dagger} L_j, \rho \} \right) \] with the rate matrix \(\Gamma_{j,k}\) and the Lindblad operator \(L_{j}\). To describe the pure noise part of the Lindblad equation one needs the rate matrix in a well defined basis of Lindblad operators. We use MixedDecoherenceProducts as the operator basis. To describe mixed noise we use the Lindblad equation with \(\hat{H}=0\).

The rate matrix and with it the Lindblad noise model is saved as a sum over pairs of MixedDecoherenceProducts, giving the operators acting from the left and right on the density matrix. In programming terms the object MixedLindbladNoiseOperators is given by a HashMap or Dictionary with the tuple (MixedDecoherenceProduct, MixedDecoherenceProduct) as keys and the entries in the rate matrix as values.

Examples

Here, we add the terms \(L_0 = \left( \sigma_0^x \sigma_1^z \right) \left( c_{b, 1}^{\dagger} c_{b, 1} \right) \left( c_{f, 0}^{\dagger} c_{f, 1}^{\dagger} c_{f, 0} c_{f, 1} \right)\) and \(L_1 = \left( \sigma_0^x \sigma_1^z \right) \left( c_{b, 1}^{\dagger} c_{b, 1} \right) \left( c_{f, 0}^{\dagger} c_{f, 1}^{\dagger} c_{f, 0} c_{f, 1} \right)\) with coefficient 1.0: \( 1.0 \left( L_0 \rho L_1^{\dagger} - \frac{1}{2} \{ L_1^{\dagger} L_0, \rho \} \right) \)

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use qoqo_calculator::CalculatorComplex;
use struqture::bosons::BosonProduct;
use struqture::fermions::FermionProduct;
use struqture::mixed_systems::{MixedDecoherenceProduct, MixedLindbladNoiseOperator};
use struqture::prelude::*;
use struqture::spins::DecoherenceProduct;

let mut operator = MixedLindbladNoiseOperator::new(1, 1, 1);

// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let pp = DecoherenceProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b_1
let bp = BosonProduct::new([1], [1]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_1
// * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let mdp = MixedDecoherenceProduct::new(
    [pp],
    [bp],
    [fp]
).unwrap();

// Adding in the mixed decoherence product
operator
    .add_operator_product(
        (mdp.clone(), mdp.clone()),
        CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 1.5),
    )
    .unwrap();

// Checking the operator
assert_eq!(
    operator.get(&(mdp.clone(), mdp)),
    &CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 1.5)
);
println!("{}", operator);
}

The equivalent code in python:

from qoqo_calculator_pyo3 import CalculatorComplex
from struqture_py import bosons, fermions, spins, mixed_systems

operator = mixed_systems.MixedLindbladNoiseOperator(1, 1, 1)

# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
pp_0 = spins.DecoherenceProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_0 * c_b_0
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([0], [0])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
# * c_b^{\dagger}_0 * c_b_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
mdp = mixed_systems.MixedDecoherenceProduct([pp], [bp], [fp])

# Adding in the mixed decoherence product
operator.add_operator_product(
    (mdp, mdp), CalculatorComplex.from_pair(1.0, 1.5))
print(operator)

# In python we can also use the string representation
operator = mixed_systems.MixedLindbladNoiseOperator(1, 1, 1)
operator.add_operator_product((str(mdp), str(mdp)), 1.0+1.5*1j)
print(operator)

Open systems

Physically open systems are quantum systems coupled to an environment that can often be described using Lindblad type of noise. The Lindblad master equation is given by \[ \dot{\rho} = \mathcal{L}(\rho) =-i [\hat{H}, \rho] + \sum_{j,k} \Gamma_{j,k} \left( L_{j}\rho L_{k}^{\dagger} - \frac{1}{2} \{ L_k^{\dagger} L_j, \rho \} \right) \]

In struqture they are composed of a Hamiltonian (MixedHamiltonian) and noise (MixedLindbladNoiseOperator). They have different ways to set terms in Rust and Python:

Examples

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use qoqo_calculator::CalculatorComplex;
use struqture::bosons::BosonProduct;
use struqture::fermions::FermionProduct;
use struqture::mixed_systems::{
    HermitianMixedProduct, MixedDecoherenceProduct, MixedLindbladOpenSystem,
};
use struqture::prelude::*;
use struqture::spins::{DecoherenceProduct, PauliProduct};

let mut open_system = MixedLindbladOpenSystem::new([Some(3)], [Some(3)], [Some(3)]);

// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let pp = PauliProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_0 * c_b_0
let bp = BosonProduct::new([0], [0]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term (sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_0
// * c_b_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1)
// + h.c.
let hmp = HermitianMixedProduct::new([pp], [bp], [fp]).unwrap();

// Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
let pp = DecoherenceProduct::new().x(0).z(1);
// Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b_1
let bp = BosonProduct::new([1], [1]).unwrap();
// Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let fp = FermionProduct::new([0, 1], [0, 1]).unwrap();

// Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_1
// * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
let mdp = MixedDecoherenceProduct::new([pp], [bp], [fp]).unwrap();

// Adding in the system term
let operator = open_system.system_mut();
operator
    .add_operator_product(hmp, CalculatorComplex::new(2.0, 0.0))
    .unwrap();

// Adding in the noise term
let noise = open_system.noise_mut();
noise
    .add_operator_product((mdp.clone(), mdp), CalculatorComplex::new(1.0, 0.0))
    .unwrap();

println!("{}", open_system);
}

The equivalent code in python:

from qoqo_calculator_pyo3 import CalculatorComplex
from struqture_py import bosons, fermions, spins, mixed_systems

open_system = mixed_systems.MixedLindbladOpenSystem([3], [3], [3])

# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
pp = spins.PauliProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_1
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([1, 2], [1])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_1
# * c_b^{\dagger}_2 * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
# + h.c.
hmp = mixed_systems.HermitianMixedProduct([pp], [bp], [fp])

# Building the spin term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1
dp = spins.DecoherenceProduct().x(0).z(1)
# Building the bosonic term c_b^{\dagger}_1 * c_b_1
bp = bosons.BosonProduct([1], [1])
# Building the fermionic term c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
fp = fermions.FermionProduct([0, 1], [0, 1])

# Building the term sigma^x_0 sigma^z_1 * c_b^{\dagger}_1
# * c_b_1 * c_f^{\dagger}_0 * c_f^{\dagger}_1 * c_f_0 * c_f_1
mdp = mixed_systems.MixedDecoherenceProduct([dp], [bp], [fp])

# Adding in the system term
open_system.system_add_operator_product(hmp, CalculatorComplex.from_pair(2.0, 0.0))
# Adding in the noise term
open_system.noise_add_operator_product(
    (mdp, mdp), CalculatorComplex.from_pair(0.0, 1.0))

print(open_system)